The process for revising Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) began with a brief discussion between Steven Hyman, M.D., (then-director of the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]), Steven M. Mirin, M.D. (then-medical director of the American Psychiatric Association [APA]), and David J. Kupfer, M.D., (then-chair of the American Psychiatric Association Committee on Psychiatric Diagnosis and Assessment) at the NIMH in 1999. They believed it was important for the APA and NIMH to work together on an agenda to expand the scientific basis for psychiatric diagnosis and classification.